European Agriculture Methods Had Improved - 947 Words

In the three centuries preceding 1300, European agriculture methods had improved. There was more land, more food and also more people. During the 1340s, England became a society vulnerable to economic and social stress. The population had grown to such an extent that the land could not provide enough food to support everybody. There were changes in the weather patterns. The summers became extremely hot, while the winters were just way too cold. Because of this extreme weather, the crops were dying. There was just not enough food to feed everybody. This bad harvest let to a high mortality rate, as grain prices more than quadrupled. This also brought drought, famine and a widespread of starvation. The disease manifest itself first with a high fever and vomiting. Within a few days the victim’s lymph nodes swelled up dramatically in lumps. These lumps would turn black which gave the plague its name. It was later discovered, this was caused by Yersinia pestis, an organism passed into the human blood stream by the bite of a fleas endemic in certain species of rat. â€Å"They had worked their way through the trade routes of Asia and India to Europe† (Kay, 102). The Black Death began spreading throughout Western Europe extremely rapid. The plague killed over one third of the population in Europe. The Black Death greatly impacted the society and religion. This plague Changed Europe culturally and economically forever. The Black Death was transmitted two different ways,Show MoreRelatedEssay On The Ompics Of International Financial Institutions1003 Words   |  5 PagesDepression that had destabilized Europe and the United States† (Globalization 101, n.d). The way in which International Financial Institutions do this is by ensuring the cooperation between markets and managing a financial system around the world. Some of the projects of improvement include the World Bank’s project in Burkina Faso: Developing infrastructure and an enabling environment for sustained access to water and sanitation services for the urban poor and Burkina Faso: Agriculture as a PowerfulRead MoreA Brief Description of Russia Essay examples817 Words   |  4 Pagestragic events that have occurred in their history has to do with their agriculture. One would think that since they are the biggest country in the world, being about 6,600,000 square miles in total area and stretching from across Asia and some parts of Europe, that their country being so big would have some areas where agriculture can flourish. Being where the country is located and other issues is the reason why theyve had a hard time to advance in this segment. Russian in located on the northernRead MorePrivatization Of Australia s Agricultural Industry1086 Words   |  5 PagesCHAWLA Reforms in Australia’s Agricultural Industry Due date 28-08-2015 Date Submitted 28-08-2015 Reforms in the Australian agricultural industry Like many countries, agriculture has been the backbone of Australia’s growth and development. Farming in Australia can be traced back to the time European settlers introduced agricultural technologies from their native countries and thereby influenced the early practices in the country. The industry of farming has fed Australia’s growingRead MoreThe Establishment Of Any Civilization Relies On The Foundation Of Agriculture1240 Words   |  5 Pagesestablishment of any civilization relies on the foundation of agriculture. Agriculture requires knowledge, tools, and resources to maintain a population and allow for it to grow. Agriculture drastically changed once humans were able to utilize the resources around them in order to provide a reliable food supply, allow them to settle down in one place, and most importantly, provide a springboard for global population growth. Agriculture was triggered by many factors, some including climate changeRead MoreThe Atlantic Slave T rade1392 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica and placing them into the colonies of the New World in North, Central, and South America. Many countries like England, Portugal, Spain, Holland, and France, had participated in enslaving the African peoples. The African slaves were used to exploit an array of commodities such coffee, cotton, rum, sugar, and tobacco, and eventually they had become commodities themselves. Often times the slaves were treated awfully by their owners. Most were forced to work long and tiresome hours on plantations toRead MoreThe European Union ( Eu )1685 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' In its historical context discuss why and how the EU was set up and the advantages and disadvantages of membership. The European Union (EU) was founded in 1957 and is constructed of 28 member countries comprising a total population of half a billion people with a collective currency – the Euro, and economy worth  £11 trillion . With 21 million companies operating in the EU by 2012 the magnitude of the EU’s global presence spans immensely from economic and political policy to health, safety andRead MoreTransforming the High Middle Ages Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesinnovations developed in England during the High Middle Ages brought quick improvements in agriculture, war, and knowledge. Education and scholasticism were encouraged and were increasing in importance. â€Å"Thomas was †¦ of a sharp intellect, amiable in his manners, and of such keen powers of reasoning as to be able prudently to solve abstruse and difficult questions; and so retentive was his memory, that whatever he had once heard or read he could recall whenever he pleased without an effort.† (Life of T homasRead MoreThe Jeffersonian Principles Of Strict Construction1515 Words   |  7 PagesRevolution, debts incurred by individual states amounted to around $18 million causing widespread uncertainty. Such a crisis threatened to destabilize the region as some states, such as Virginia, had already nearly liquidated their state’s bonded indebtedness, and did not want to pay yet again. Congress had issued large amounts of continentals, fiat money, that quickly depreciated from its original value of $200 million to only 2.5% of face value. IOUs were issued, which also depreciated greatly asRead MoreKey Concept 4.1 Globalizing Networks Of Communication And Exchange1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped, focus shifted away from regional trading networks, therefore leading to less dependence on them. However, these routes were still used to trade New World goods throughout Eurasia. 4.1.II.A What technical developments made transoceanic European travel trade possible?Some of the technical developments that made transoceanic trade possible were wide-hulled sailing ships, astrolabes, compasses, and guns. 4.1.II.B Where did those developments originate? Wide-hulled sailing ships were derivedRead MoreThe Role Of Colonial Slavery And Modern Governance Towards Economic Development1733 Words   |  7 PagesFrom Dar salaam to Dakar, Johannesburg to Monrovia the African continent, like no other continent has had most foreign influence. It has altered peoples taste and want; others view of pleasure and some others understanding of a good life. Nelson Mandela in his famous biography said the white man’s coming to Africa changed even the smallest of our ways to the larges – ECONOMY. In this literature I would be looking at the role of colonial slavery to modern governance towards economic development. How

A+P vs Araby Free Essays

Araby and AP are both short stories, written by famous authors. Although they were written in different times, as well as in different countries, they have many similarities. These similarities can be found both in their contexts and their settings. We will write a custom essay sample on A+P vs Araby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both stories are about young men, leading dull lives, and who go through a major change by the end of the story, while trying to get away from their lives. In both stories this change takes place while trying to please a female who triggers something inside them, causing them to act. Araby and AP are stories of unsuccessful attempts to escape from ordinary lives, only in different ways. What catches the readers’ attention in both stories first, are the settings. In both stories the protagonists describe the neighborhoods and the daily life in the cities that they live in, in detail. While they make these descriptions, telling the reader about the neighborhood through their eyes, they also give information about their mindscapes, and we understand what they think of the places they live in. The boy in Araby uses many negative words while describing the setting. ‘‘†¦ ninhabited†¦ blind end†¦ detached†¦ imperturbable†¦ dark†¦ muddy ( pg 427)’’ That is how we empathize with him: being able to picture the dullness and the gloominess of that city in Ireland, and also its detachedness from other places. Similarly, Sammy in AP describes the town he lives in by referring to everyone around him as sheep, vividl y describing the distinction between the beach and his town, which causes us to again picture a small town with many mostly older people who lead uneventful lives, and a young boy who has lived there and worked in the same shop all his life. ‘†¦ all three of them went up to the cat-and-dog-food-breakfast-cereal-macaroni-rice-raisins-seasonings-spreads-spaghetti-soft drinks-crackers-and-cookies aisle. ’’(pg 865) In this way we know that both characters are not happy with the lives they are leading. They have no ambitions and nothing to hold on to. Everything they talk about sounds too simple. With nothing to hold on to, both characters are in search of something that will give them the courage to do something different, something that will spice up their lives. For the boy in Araby, the escape from his boring everyday life comes with his love for a girl. She is the only light in his dark life, his only source for joy. He devotes himself to this girl so much that she becomes a god-like figure. ‘‘The light from the lamp caught the white curve on her neck, lit up her hair that rested there and, falling, lit up the hand upon the railing. (pg 429)’’ The same thing happens to Sammy when the three girls in bathing suits come into the store that he is working at. The leading girl of the group, who he calls ‘Queeny’, is different from everyone he knows in the town. He is fascinated by her. ‘†¦ just her, this clean bare plane of the top of her chest down from the shoulder bones like a dented sheet of metal tilted in the light. I mean, it was more than pretty. (pg 865)’’ The girl is the long-awaited lights in Sammy’s life. Since they are fascinated by these girls so much, the boys can’t stand their being sad. The girl in Araby is sad because she is not able to go to a festival that she wants to go to, where as ‘Queenie’ is sad because she has been scolded in front of everyone by the manager of the market. The boys, finally having found something to fight for. They feel themselves as their saviors. The boy in Araby feels like it is his duty and responsibility to make the girl happy. ‘‘I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. (pg 428)’’ In the same way, Sammy in AP quits his job, thinking he is now the girl’s hero, who stood up against his boss to save her from the embarassment. ‘‘So I say ‘I quit’ to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero. pg 868)’’ It is not long before both of them realize that it was not actually worth it, and that what they had imagined weren’t actually true. The boy realizes that he is not capable of doing what he was trying to do. He is too young to be buying a gift with the little money he has, from a big bazaar, and for a girl much older that he is. Sammy realizes that in reality he can not do an ything else other than to be a cashier at a supermarket. They both understand that they were not actually who they thought they were. The boy in Araby was never going to be the lover of the girl he loved, and Sammy was never the girls’ hero. After these realizations they both find themselves in an emptiness, having suddenly lost the mission of their lives. The boy is angry with himself (I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger(pg 431)) and Sammy doesn’t know what to do next. ‘‘My stomach kind of fell as I felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter. (pg 869)’’ But they both know it is going to be How to cite A+P vs Araby, Papers

Essay School Violence And Some Causes Example For Students

Essay School Violence And Some Causes Violence In Our ChildrenCities of violence: Santee, California; El Cajon, California; Littleton, Colorado. These are names of American cities and towns where violence has usurped deep into the American heartland where families settle to raise families away from the violent big cities. Andy Williams, Jason Hoffman, Eric Harris, and Dylan Klebold; names of students who came to their schools with weapons to kill those students and staff whom they felt were responsible for their melancholy. What are the motivating factors behind these suicidal attempts? Society is trying to convince itself that it must be Hollywood with its violent entertainment and glorification of violence. Another scapegoat is videogames with all the gore and realistic killing or maybe even music that has lyrics considered by the majority to be riddled with suicidal or homicidal messages to todays youth. Politicians, parents, law enforcement, and society are asking themselves, What are the factors leading to the incre ase in violence among our children?. The most convincing causes for violence in our children lies not in the entertainment industry but in us. The main source is depression of the killers due to rejection by their peers, the breakdown of the cohesive family unit due to divorce and the easy accessibility to weapons. The major cause of violence believed by some researchers is the age-old traditions of bullying and the clique system in high schools. Jerry Adler states in his 1999 article The Truth About High School that these are so called rights of passages that all American students have been exposed too. These factors have been around since the invention of high school and adolescents have been forming cliques and mentally ranking them just as in an adult society which are dominated by hierarchies (Adler 56). As in most high schools across the country the athletes dominate the social scale and enforce the hierarchy, which explains why they are at the top of the food chain. Its pretty common to see jocks picking on the fat kid or the wimpy kid, or anybody whos different (Adler 56). So what provokes aggression and violence among the lower hierarchical levels? Often it is scapegoating, in which teens are bullied by and in front of their peer group by a higher hierarchical group, leaving them excluded and humiliated. In an online survey conducted by the San Diego Tribune statistics show that 87 percent of students thought that school shooters were motivated by a desire to get back at those who have hurt them and 86 percent said teenagers resort to violence because of other kids picking on them, making fun of them or bullying them (Eckert 2). School shootings and murders are largely the work of young men acting out a script that society gives them for displaying their masculinity. As adults, w e dont want to hear that a boy is depressed or has been shamed. We dont know how to deal with it. Given the pressures on these boys, we should be thankful that so few actually turn to violence as a display of masculinity. As our society evolves into more acceptance of a larger female role being played into everyday life, we have seen an increase of girls being involved in violence. In comparison to past generations, cliques are now much more likely to have both boys and girls in them. Researchers say this is due to early exposure to sexual equality in todays world. Familiarity with the opposite sex comes much earlier now (Adler 56). As in all civilizations researchers say, adolescence is a tribal society (Adler 56). Adolescent hierarchical lines are drawn by teenagers and are frequently unfair and are often hurtful and generally enforced by physical and psychological intimidation, which is why most depression is found in adolescent teens. .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .postImageUrl , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:hover , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:visited , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:active { border:0!important; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:active , .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9576d2fd0f4857b4a2ab23bfcaf0703f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Herman Melville: A Biography And Analysis EssayAnother major contributing factor to this violence is that a lot of these kids are growing up in broken homes or homes with family problems. As adolescents spend less and less time with their parents, cliques increasingly fill the emotional vacuum, and the high-school game of acceptance or rejection is being played for even higher emotional stakes (Adler 56). Keeping these kids on the right path means maintaining parental involvement and encouraging them to take healthy risks versus dangerous ones. Without parental involvement these kids are left alone to make important decisions without having the full support of their famili es behind them. As in the case with the shooters Dr. Lynn E. Pontons article Their Dark Romance With Risk states that Peers can influence risk-taking in both positive and negative waysa toxic best friend or group of friends can escalate bad behavior, especially where there is no adult input (Ponton 55). Most of these kids grew up in broken homes or homes where the families did not take an active role in their healthy decision-making. Taking on everyday challenges in unexplored situations is an important tool that teenagers use to develop distinctive individuality apart from their parents. So parental guidance is an extremely important element in helping their teenagers make correct important decisions. Though boys who are unhealthy risk-takers often hurt others, girls usually turn their shame and anger on themselves, engaging in self-destructive behaviors such as cutting or extreme dieting (Ponton 55). Even though incidences of extreme violence have not been observed at the destructive magnitude as boys the potential is there for violence just as easily. One major factor contributing to violence in our children is the easy accessibility to firearms. While children in the past have brought weapons to school, most were knives, brass knuckles, and chemical sprays. In a study at Santana High School published by Jill SpielVogel called School bullying old problem in 1999 before the acts of violence engulfed the school a survey showed about 11 percent said they had brought a weapon to campus. Many said they forgot they had the weapon with them. More than one-third brought it for protection and 11 percent brought it for intimidation to scare others (Spielvogel 2). This data along with students being victims of bullying or hierarchical intimidation has led to a rise of firearms being brought into the schools. Most students and parents do not tell school officials about bullying and intimidation because they did not think it would do any good. Only 7 percent of students said they felt unsafe at school-sentiments parents and staff echoed in their surveys at Santana High School (Spielvogel 2). As in the case of Andy Williams, the gun was easily accessible due to an unlocked gun cabinet. This coupled with the bullying that has been termed torture by his defense attorney and his fathers lack of parental support and healthy descion making led Andy Williams to a poor decision making process. Andy Williams is not the only student to have retaliated in such a violent manner according to the survey. About one-third of 1,200 students surveyed at Santana High School said they had been the target of abusive behavior. Nearly half said they had retaliated in some way and one in five students appeared to be true bullying victims who were repeatedly targeted, more often girls than boys (Spielvogel 2). Unfortunately the violence of children in our society is not being blamed on the real culprits of violence but is being blamed on the media, television, video games and musical lyrics. The surgeon general has declared these potential causes as harmful to children and that repeated exposure to violent entertainment during early childhood causes more aggressive behavior throughout a childs life. However, in his article Loitering On The Dark Side, Steven Levy quotes Doug Richardson of Die Hard II and Money Train by stating that the thousands of violent images we see dont inspire more acts of violence (Levy 39). So basically the sheer volume of violence and carnage is proof of its harmlessness. Therefore, there must be a better culprit to blame the violence of children than just the entertainment industry. Although, the media maybe a part of the problem its not an either-or situation at work here. It is about America craving brutal images and violence in all aspects. The violent enterta inment just caters to what the population desires and the entertainment industry produces these due to the popularity and profitability of this brand of entertainment. All forms of violence in our society can easily be blamed for the rise of violence in our children but the root of all these problems reaches deeper than playing a violent video game or watching a violent TV program. The media merely reflects many aspects of our societies reality and in this reality it is more about depression, the breakdown of the family unit, the drop off of religious values, and the accessibility of guns to almost anyone in our society.

Ethical Issues Case Study Discussions

Introduction We are faced with ethical issues in our interactions as human beings. Ethics can loosely be defined as a system of moral principles by which social conduct is judged as either â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong†. As relates to business, ethics are moral principles which prescribe what is legitimate behaviour in varied business dealings (Chryssides Kaler 1993, p.3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues Case Study Discussions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An interesting concept with regard to ethics is that there is no standardized approach to dealing with ethical dilemmas as they all spring from very unique legal, political, social and economic backgrounds. This makes the task of dealing with ethical dilemmas especially challenging for managers. This paper sets out to review three case studies in which different ethical issues are dealt with. The various ethical theories that they may apply to deal with the situations will be given and the rationale behind the decisions made extrapolated. All this shall be in a bid to elaborate that a good theoretical knowledge in ethics will greatly assist deal with the unique ethical issues The Area Manager’s Dilemma In this particular case, Chris, a regional director with the organization has just discovered that David, one of the other regional managers is unprincipled, devious and a liar. As such David’s actions are not only highly questionable but also ethically unsound. Chris has to take up some solid cause of action and therein lies the ethical dilemma. According to Chris’s reasoning, he can either complaisant and turn a blind eye to David’s behaviour, or, he can take affirmative action and accuse David of dishonesty to the higher ups. A view of this particular scenario with Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in mind might better shed light as to the actions that Chris might pos sibly take as well as shedding light on the principles to be applied in dealing with David. Kohlberg’s developmental theory is concerned with the manner in which people judge what is right and wrong. According to the theory, one’s reasoning becomes more ethical as one advances through the stages (Frederick 2002, p.221). This being the case, we can clearly articulate that David is at a lower level in Kohlberg’s scale. To be specific, he is in Level one which is also known as the Preconventional Morality level. Furthermore, it can be contended that he is in the stage I of this level since he is primarily concerned with getting caught in his wrongdoings. In this level, the behaviour of an individual is controlled by external rewards and/or punishments. David is not oblivious of punishment which is why he â€Å"tells barefaced lies to account for difficulties or shortfalls†. Neither is he without a concept of rewards which is why he is â€Å"always aiming to please the director.†Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chris on the other hand is way higher up in the Kohlberg’s scale. The very fact that he considers David’s behaviour as intolerable and views sinking to David’s level as unacceptable reinforces the statement that Chris is indeed on a higher level. Chris is Level Three of Kohlberg’s as can be deduced from his ethical perspective. A person at this level has public interest as his primary concern and will go to great extents to see that social order is maintained. Chris’s level on Kohlberg’s scale dictates that he will do everything possible to stop David who is evidently acting not in the public interest but for his own good. Chris will therefore report David to the higher ups. However, Kohlberg’s theory dictates that one can only perceive and understand the moral actions that occur one step above his particular level (Sims 2002, p.135). This being the case, it would be more logical for David to act as dictated by the second level. In the second level, actions which are approved by the other people are judged to be the right ones. As such, David’s actions such as running his area on a patronage basis are approved by his colleagues and therefore can be viewed as ethical. Whistle blowing on the other hand is not approved of and might actually alienate Chris from his staff and the other managers. This being the case, the best action for Chris would be to seek a compromise with David and try to make him act in a manner that is acceptable to all. The HR manager’s dilemma In this scenario, the Human Resource manager finds himself faced with two different cases, both bearing a similar theme, employee privacy and criminal records. In the first case, the manager finds out that one of his staff has acquired a criminal record due to tax evasion. In the seco nd case, an aspirant applicant admits to having a criminal record during an interview. Inevitably, the tax conviction will have some bearing as to the member’s continued stay in the organization. At the bare minimal, the fact that the member was convicted by a court of law on evasion charges highlights the fact that he must be dishonest. While it might be argued that the moral standing of an individual does not have any implications as to his capability in the work setting, the organization stands being a victim of the employee’s misdeeds in the face of the public. This is especially a reality in this particular case since the employee in question is in contact with the organizations customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Issues Case Study Discussions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The employee is the organizations ambassador to the outside world and as such his actions are seen to be a reflection of the organization. According to the newspaper, the total tax avoided amounted to 5000, a sizable amount. If the employee had the audacity to carry out such a scheme, it is not inconceivable that he may also set out to defraud the company. With these considerations in mind, it would no doubt be most prudent for the HR manager to recommend that the organization terminate its engagement with the said employee. In the second case, the initial perception of the manager as to the applicant’s personality is that of a qualified, mature and sociable person. To top it off, the applicant comes clean concerning his previous conviction thereby accentuating his honest nature. However, the HR manager must disregard this personal attributes as he contemplates the effect that employing someone with a criminal record can have on the company. From the testimonials of the applicant’s former employer and his OU tutor, it can be deduced that he is truly reformed and ready to become a credit to the society. Employing such a character can greatly aid the public image of the company since it highlights the organizations faith the county’s rehabilitation systems. There is always the danger of the applicant being stigmatized by his colleagues because of his record. Weiss (2008, p.367) asserts that managers should limit access to private information about employees to avoid such scenarios. Looking at the decisions arrived at in this two cases, it can be seen that preference was given to the participant who exhibited honesty. The employee convicted of tax evasion was discriminated against since he already had a contract with the organization which he violated by his unethical acts. This made him less deserving leading to his unfavourable treatment. The applicant was treated as worth of the support of the organization since not only did he purport to hold ethical attributes such as honesty but employing him would also serve the organizations own interes ts. Fredrick (2002, p.405 )asserts that companies may be held criminally liable for the behaviour of their employees despite the employees having acted on their own volition. As such, it is in the best interest of the company to make sure that its employees are honest and people of integrity. Turner Newall: The Case of the Asbestos Industry This scenario presents a case whereby the needs of the company’s shareholders to make profit are pitted against the safety of the workers and consumers of the company products. Underlying concepts in the case are secrecy whereby the company directors failed to divulge vital information about asbestos since the information would have had unfavourable results for the company’s profitability as elaborated in the case. The concept of distributive justice is also highlighted whereby the rewards should be proportional to the contributions made. In the asbestos case, distributive justice is neglected since the workers were not compensated really as adequate as the nature of their jobs dictated. This case can be reviewed with the social contract theory in mind. The Social Contract theory holds that actions carried out by someone are morally permissible if they increase the benefits of an individual or indeed, the society at large (Fredrick 2002, p.32).Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Notably, the asbestos companies used the bankruptcy law to deal with the liabilities that arose from the numerous court cases. The adequacy of this move can be looked at from two perspectives. In the first case, the companies were pushed to this measure by the litigation against them. As such, this is a protective measure that allows the company to at least fulfill its role to the shareholders and creditors who are the primary concerns of the company. Given the circumstances, it can be argued out that filling for bankruptcy was an adequate measure since it enabled the company to fulfill part of its mission. On the other hand, filling for bankruptcy implies that the company cannot go on with its normal mode of operations hence due to lack of profitability; it cannot settle claims by the various victims of its actions. Having reached an agreement that the company should compensate its workers and consumers to the damage done, the question arises as to how the various costs should be s plit amongst the various stakeholders. The management of the company must have known about the dangers that their products presented to the workers and the consumers. However, the management’s principle responsibility was to ensure the continued profitability of the company. This being the case, the major beneficiaries of the company’s profitability (namely the shareholders) should be forced to make the hugest contribution to the compensation efforts since they benefited the most. In an attempt at redress for the victims, the Goyder Sanction may be implemented. This sanction seeks to force companies to act in a responsible manner by making them socially accountable to all their stakeholders. The rationale behind this move is that most managers will be reluctant to act in the interest of the society at large if these interests are at loggerheads with the goals of the organization as a whole. The Goyder Sanction is therefore not only practicable but as such the most appr opriate mechanism since it obligates the companies to recognize their social contract obligations which dictate that morally permissible actions are those that increase one’s benefit but not at the cost of harming others (Fredrick 2002, p.32). The management of the company is no doubt the major culprit since they made the actual decision operational decisions of the company and sanctioned the secrecy that led to even further damage to workers and consumers. However, it should be taken into consideration that the management was only acting in the interest of the shareholders and company board who were the major benefactors of the profits obtained from the business dealings. It would therefore be unjust to personally hold the management responsible since they were only protecting the interests of the company. A better means of seeking justice would be to collectively punish all the stakeholders. This would most suitably be implemented by transferring the ownership of the compan y as in the Johns-Manville case. In this way, all the involved parties (stockholders, management and directors) are punished and wronged parties get redress for the wrongs done. The governments and company’s that import asbestos have a responsibility to the importing countries. They should ensure that the importing countries are aware of the risks that the products contain. This will lead to informed consent since the importers will acknowledge the risks involved and it they feel that the risks outweigh the benefits, they can always opt out of such business dealings. In addition to this, the importers will be empowered to take actions to safeguard their workers and consumers from the adverse effects of asbestos. Conclusion This paper set out to outline three case studies that showcase ethical issues that may be faced. Applications of various theories has been seen to assist in coming up with solutions to each of the independent cases. From the discussions presented, it can au thoritatively be stated that the business environment is faced with multiple ethical issues and a graceful resolution of the issues is imperative for the business interests as well as the interest of the society at large. References Chryssides, D G Kaler, H J 1993, An Introduction to Business Ethics, Cengage Learning EMEA. Frederick, R 2002, A Companion to Business Ethics, Wiley-Blackwell. Sims R R, 2002, Teaching Business Ethics for Effective Learning, Greenwood Publishing Group. Weiss, W J 2008, Business Ethics: A Stakeholder and Issues Management Approach, Cengage Learning. This essay on Ethical Issues Case Study Discussions was written and submitted by user Kallie Wilkinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Deconstruction of The Shawshank Redemption essays

Deconstruction of The Shawshank Redemption essays This essay will discuss and deconstruct the technical aspect of the film The Shawshank Redemption the escape scene. It will look in detail at how the Director (Frank Darabont) used sound, editing and lighting to create an effective story. This essay will deconstruct the narrative of the film and give the understanding of how the technical aspects of the scene are important. Andy Dufresne, a young and successful banker whose life changes drastically after he was found guilty and was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of his wife and her lover. A movie is controlled by ideologies and techniques that make an impact in almost every aspect of the narrative. The film has three main techniques and concepts that make an immediate impact: the walls, lighting, and water. The Shawshank Redemption is a 142 min long film made in the year 1994. It is a crime/drama film directed by Frank Darabont and is written by Stephen King. It includes well-known actors such as Tim Robbins, Morgan Freeman and Bob Gunton so that it reaches a mass audience in order to recover their money back and make profit out of the film. Dufresne escapes from the Shawshank Prison and tricked the warden by covering the hole, which he escaped from with a poster. This demonstrates a powerful message to the audience between the power of the mind against the power of authority, as well as showing a power change between inmate and the warden. The entire scene is gray or a dark shade, from the uniforms to the building itself. The director used different lights to express the characters statuses in the scene e.g. dark shade denote the evil side to the wardens personality, which is portrayed to the audience. This shows hopelessness for the inmates who suffer from the unfair hands of the guards on a daily basis. Darabont did not use any music in this scene; instead he used a diegetic sound so that the audience may focus properly on the prisoners and further exp...

Eggsactly LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eggsactly LTD - Essay Example It has two departments viz. the sales department and the production department. Present scenario included the fact that the market had continued with the original enthusiasm exhibited in this machine and continued to demand more and more of such machines. However despite such a robust demand the company was not as profitable as expected due to certain cost considerations. There are two complimentary approaches to improve the profitability of the concern. One is to increase the funds position of the concern by inviting new capital into the company. This would automatically result in expansion of the production base of the company and hopefully, result in the spreading of most fixed costs on a higher production base thus improving the profits. Second approach is to follow careful budgeting process in the concern covering all of its operations. In fact budgeting process has been missing entirely at the concern with reported mismatches in sales forecast and resultant carrying over of the finished goods' inventories. Ideally the concern would benefit the most if the two approaches are taken in tandem as following second approach would not only help control the fixed costs but also the variable costs would be streamlined. In addition, the budgeting system proposed is likely to be responsibility linked budgeting system in which each executive would be assigned the key budgeted figures and be accountable and responsible for variations if significant. Sales Function Merely an over enthusiastic top executive is no guarantee to a successful sales function. This enthusiasm is, in part, attributable to the fact that the product to be sold is a successful product idea in its present form and features and is well accepted by the market and there is not much need to take up conscious advertising and media campaign. Due to this fact, while it is conceded that normal marketing strategy can be reduced to selling function in case of Eggsactly Ltd; even the vanilla sales function needs to be planned carefully and tied up with the production department. This can come through an integrated budgeting system where in the sales budget is linked and integrated with the production budget. The Sales manager would be accountable for key budgeted figures in the sales budget. The Sales Manager can, in turn, pass down, the accountability down the line to his sales executives, who may be assigned this accountability according to distribution of sales targets to them. A s part of individual initiatives the Sales Manager must look into the aspect of high turnover in his department. Some staff retention incentives can be introduced which are linked with sales targets and accountability which would help reduce the high turnover of the staff in Sales department. After this entire budgeting process must be reckoned in all its possibilities for Eggsactly Ltd and end in he choice of the best alternative which suits contextual realities of the concern. Budgeting Process Budgets are drawn to assist in clarifying and attaining business objectives. These objectives can be varied but can be commonly listed as minimizing costs/controlling expenditures, increasing revenues, gaining a higher market share, improving spread/margins (through increased sales), etc. Therefore, a statement of identified objectives becomes important at the commencement of

History 11UT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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